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English Grammar PDF Notes

Tenses (Past, Present, Future with examples)
Parts of Speech (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection)
Active and Passive Voice
Direct and Indirect Speech
Articles (a, an, the)
Punctuation Rules
Subject-Verb Agreement
Conditionals (If-clauses)
Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs)
Common Errors in Grammar

What are Tenses in English Grammar

In English Grammar, the tenses (काल) are rules to how we talk about time in speaking or a making sentence. Just like in English and other languages, tenses in are divide into three main types:

Types of Tenses In English Grammar

Present (वर्तमान),
Past (भूत), and
Future (भविष्य).

Here’s we can easily divide tenses in English Language:

1. Present Tense (Vartaman Kaal)

a) Present Simple

Rule: Subject + Verb (base form) + Object
Example:
- I eat food. → Main khana khata hoon.
- She studies daily. → Woh roz padhti hai.

b) Present Continuous

Rule: Subject + is/am/are + Verb(-ing) + Object
Example:
- I am eating food. → Main khana kha raha hoon.
- They are playing. → Woh khel rahe hain.

c) Present Perfect

Rule: Subject + has/have + Verb (3rd form) + Object
Example:
- I have eaten food. → Main khana kha chuka hoon.
- She has completed her work. → Woh apna kaam kar chuki hai.

d) Present Perfect Continuous

Rule: Subject + has/have been + Verb(-ing) + Object
Example:
- I have been eating since morning. → Main subah se khana kha raha hoon.
- They have been studying for 2 hours. → Woh 2 ghante se padh rahe hain.

2. Past Tense (Bhoot Kaal)

a) Past Simple

Rule: Subject + Verb (2nd form) + Object
Example:
- I ate food. → Mainne khana khaya.
- She sang a song. → Usne ek gaana gaya.

b) Past Continuous

Rule: Subject + was/were + Verb(-ing) + Object
Example:
- I was eating food. → Main khana kha raha tha.
- They were dancing. → Woh dance kar rahe the.

c) Past Perfect

Rule: Subject + had + Verb (3rd form) + Object
Example:
- I had eaten food. → Mainne khana kha liya tha.
- She had completed her homework. → Usne apna homework kar liya tha.

d) Past Perfect Continuous

Rule: Subject + had been + Verb(-ing) + Object
Example:
- I had been eating for 2 hours. → Main 2 ghante se khana kha raha tha.
- They had been working since morning. → Woh subah se kaam kar rahe the.

3. Future Tense (Bhavishya Kaal)

a) Future Simple

Rule: Subject + will/shall + Verb (base form) + Object
Example:
- I will eat food. → Main khana khaoonga.
- She will go to school. → Woh school jayegi.

b) Future Continuous

Rule: Subject + will be + Verb(-ing) + Object
Example:
- I will be eating food. → Main khana kha raha hoonga.
- They will be watching TV. → Woh TV dekh rahe honge.

c) Future Perfect

Rule: Subject + will have + Verb (3rd form) + Object
Example:
- I will have eaten food. → Main khana kha chuka hoonga.
- She will have finished her work. → Woh apna kaam kar chuki hogi.

d) Future Perfect Continuous

Rule: Subject + will have been + Verb(-ing) + Object
Example:
- I will have been eating for an hour. → Main ek ghante se khana kha raha hoonga.
- They will have been playing since morning. → Woh subah se khel rahe honge

Definition of Present Tense

Present Tense (वर्तमान काल) is a tense used for actions that are happening currently (right now), regular (happens often or habitually), or generally true (facts or truths).

Abhi jo ho raha ho, ya jo daily routine mein hota ho, ya phir true facts jo hamesha sahi hote hain.

Simple Definition:

Present Tense mein hum un actions ke baare mein baat karte hain jo abhi ho rahe hote hain, regular hote hain, ya facts jo har waqt sach hote hain.

Examples:

Main khana kha raha hoon. (I am eating food right now.)
→ Action happening right now.
Woh har din yoga karta hai. (He does yoga every day.)
→ Regular action.
Pani garam hota hai. (Water boils at 100°C.)
→ Fact or general truth.

Type of Present Tense

Present tense in Hinglish is divided into four types:

1. Present Simple (साधारण वर्तमान काल)

Usage: To talk about regular actions, routines, or general facts.
Structure: Subject + Verb (base form) + Object
Examples:
- I go to the gym every day. → Main har din gym jaata hoon.
- He plays cricket. → Woh cricket khelta hai.
- She speaks Hindi. → Woh Hindi bolti hai.

Rules:

For he, she, it, add -s or -es to the verb.
For I, you, we, they, use the base form of the verb.

Examples:

I eat breakfast every morning. → Main har subah nashta khata hoon.
She reads books daily. → Woh roz kitaabein padhti hai.
They go to the park on weekends. → Woh weekend par park jaate hain.

2. Present Continuous (वर्तमान काल की निरंतर क्रिया)

Usage: To talk about actions that are happening at the moment of speaking or actions that are temporary.
Structure: Subject + is/am/are + Verb(-ing) + Object
Examples:
- I am eating food. → Main khana kha raha hoon.
- They are studying right now. → Woh abhi padh rahe hain.
- She is watching TV. → Woh TV dekh rahi hai.

Rules:

Use am with I
Use is with he, she, it
Use are with you, we, they

Examples:

I am eating lunch. → Main abhi khana kha raha hoon.
She is playing the piano. → Woh piano bajaa rahi hai.
They are watching TV. → Woh TV dekh rahe hain.
We are studying for the test. → Hum test ke liye padh rahe hain.

3. Present Perfect (पूर्ण वर्तमान काल)

Usage: To talk about actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past but are relevant now, or actions that have just been completed.
Structure: Subject + has/have + Verb (3rd form) + Object
Examples:
- I have eaten lunch. → Mainne lunch khaya hai.
- She has finished her homework. → Usne apna homework poora kar liya hai.
- They have been to Mumbai. → Woh Mumbai gaye hain.

Rules:

Use have with I, you, we, they
Use has with he, she, it

Examples:

I have eaten dinner. → Mainne dinner khaya hai.
She has finished her homework. → Usne apna homework poora kar liya hai.
They have visited Mumbai. → Woh Mumbai gaye hain.
We have completed the project. → Humne project complete kar liya hai.

4. Present Perfect Continuous (पूर्ण निरंतर वर्तमान काल)

Usage: To talk about actions that started in the past and are still continuing, or actions that have recently stopped but have a visible effect.
Structure: Subject + has/have been + Verb(-ing) + Object
Examples:
- I have been reading for 2 hours. → Main 2 ghante se padh raha hoon.
- She has been studying all day. → Woh poore din se padh rahi hai.
- They have been working on the project. → Woh project par kaam kar rahe hain.

Rules:

Use have been with I, you, we, they
Use has been with he, she, it

Examples:

I have been working all day. → Main pura din kaam kar raha hoon.
She has been studying for two hours. → Woh do ghante se padh rahi hai.
They have been playing football. → Woh football khel rahe hain.
We have been waiting for you. → Hum tumhara intezaar kar rahe hain

Quick Recap:

Present Simple: For regular actions (e.g., Main khana khata hoon).
Present Continuous: For actions happening right now (e.g., Main abhi khana kha raha hoon).
Present Perfect: For actions completed recently or at an unspecified time (e.g., Mainne kaam kar liya hai).
Present Perfect Continuous: For actions that started in the past and continue (e.g., Main 2 ghante se padh raha hoon).

Summary Chart:

Tense	Structure	Examples
Present Simple	Subject + Verb (base form) + Object	I go to school. → Main school jaata hoon.
Present Continuous	Subject + is/am/are + Verb(-ing) + Object	She is eating. → Woh khana kha rahi hai.
Present Perfect	Subject + has/have + Verb (past participle)	He has finished his work. → Usne kaam khatam kiya hai.
Present Perfect Continuous	Subject + has/have been + Verb(-ing) + Object	They have been working. → Woh kaam kar rahe hain.