The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as linguistic relativity, proposes that language influences the way people think and perceive the world. This theory suggests that the structure and vocabulary of a language affects the way people think about and categorize experiences. For example, speakers of languages with many different words for different types of snow may be more attuned to variations in snow than speakers of languages with only a few words for snow.
However, while language can certainly influence the way people think, it is unlikely that it determines our thoughts completely. Instead, language and thought likely interact in a more complex manner, with each influencing the other.
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Development of Language and Thought
The development of language and thought is closely linked. As children learn to speak and understand language, they are also developing their cognitive abilities and ways of thinking about the world. Early experiences and interactions with parents and caregivers, as well as cultural and social influences, can shape the way children learn to think and use language.
Research has also shown that bilingualism can have an impact on cognitive development and the way people think. Bilingual individuals may be better at switching between tasks and thinking flexibly, as they are constantly navigating multiple languages and cultural contexts.
The relationship between language and thought is complex and multifaceted and continues to be an area of active research and debate among scholars.
Language Relativist Hypothesis
The Hopi people, an indigenous group from North America, have a different way of conceptualizing time compared to Western cultures. In Western cultures, time is typically thought of in terms of linear progression, with the past behind us and the future ahead of us. However, the Hopi people do not have words for past, present, and future in their language. Instead, they view time as cyclical, with events repeating themselves in patterns. This view of time is reflected in the Hopi language, which uses verb forms to indicate whether an event is repeated or continuous.
Linguistic relativists would argue that this linguistic difference affects the way the Hopi people think about time. For example, Hopi speakers may be more likely to perceive events as cyclical and interconnected, rather than seeing them as discrete moments in time. This way of thinking could influence other aspects of their culture, such as their religious beliefs and social practices.
However, it is important to note that the linguistic relativity hypothesis is a topic of ongoing debate, and some researchers have questioned the extent to which language influences thought. While the Hopi example provides an interesting illustration of the potential influence of language on perception and cognition, it is important to consider the complexities and limitations of this hypothesis.
Thought Determines Language
The idea that thought determines language suggests that the structure and usage of language is influenced by the way people think and perceive the world around them. Here is an example of thought determining language in action:
The Pirahã people, an indigenous group from Brazil, have a unique way of thinking about and using numbers that differs from Western cultures. Unlike in many Western languages, the Pirahã language does not have specific words for numbers. Instead, the language uses words and expressions that convey approximate quantities, such as “few” or “many.” This reflects the Pirahã people’s culture, which places less emphasis on precise measurements and numerical calculations.
Linguistic determinists would argue that this difference in the way the Pirahã people think about numbers has influenced the structure and usage of their language. For example, because the Pirahã people do not have specific words for numbers, they may be less likely to think about quantities in terms of exact measurements. Instead, they may be more likely to focus on general impressions of quantity, such as whether a group of items is “few” or “many.”
This example illustrates the idea that the way people think can influence the structure and usage of their language. However, it is important to note that the relationship between thought and language is complex and bidirectional, and the extent to which thought determines language is a topic of ongoing debate. Additionally, it is important to consider the role of cultural and environmental factors in shaping the way people think and use language.
Problems with Piaget’s Theory
- Lack of cultural sensitivity: One of the major criticisms of Piaget’s theory is that it is not culturally sensitive. Piaget’s work was primarily based on observations of children from Western, middle-class backgrounds, and his theory may not apply to children from different cultures.
- Overemphasis on logic: Piaget’s theory places a heavy emphasis on logical reasoning and formal operational thinking. However, recent research has shown that children may be capable of more complex reasoning at earlier ages than Piaget proposed.
- Underestimation of the role of social and cultural factors: Piaget’s theory does not fully account for the role of social and cultural factors in cognitive development. Recent research has emphasized the importance of social and cultural contexts in shaping children’s cognitive development.
- Lack of attention to individual differences: Piaget’s theory tends to treat all children as developing in a similar way, with the same general stages of development. However, recent research has shown that there is a great deal of individual variability in cognitive development.
- Methodological limitations: Some critics argue that Piaget’s theory is based too heavily on observations and interviews with children, rather than more experimental methods. They also suggest that his methods may not have been rigorous enough to support the claims he made.
While Piaget’s theory has been influential in the field of developmental psychology, it is important to recognize its limitations and to continue to refine our understanding of how children develop cognitively.
The Interdependence of Language and Thought
- Language shapes the way people think: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as linguistic relativity, proposes that the structure and vocabulary of a language affects the way people think about and categorize experiences. For example, speakers of languages with many different words for different types of snow may be more attuned to variations in snow than speakers of languages with only a few words for snow.
- Thought shapes the development of language: Some scholars argue that the way people think about the world influences the development of language, rather than the other way around. For example, cognitive linguists argue that people use metaphors and other cognitive structures to make sense of abstract concepts and to communicate them to others. The structure and vocabulary of a language, they argue, are shaped by the way people think about the world and the concepts they need to communicate.
- Language and thought influence each other: While the relationship between language and thought is complex, it is likely that both language and thought interact with and influence each other in important ways. For example, the use of metaphors and other cognitive structures in thought can influence the development of new words and expressions in language.
- Bilingualism can have a significant impact: Research has shown that bilingualism can have an impact on cognitive development and the way people think. Bilingual individuals may be better at switching between tasks and thinking flexibly, as they are constantly navigating multiple languages and cultural contexts.
The relationship between language and thought is complex and multifaceted. It is clear that they interact in important ways, shaping the way people understand and communicate about the world around them. Further research is needed to better understand the nature of this relationship and its implications for cognitive development and language learning.
Language and Thought are Independent
- Non-linguistic thought: Many cognitive processes occur without the use of language, such as perception, attention, and memory. These processes can occur regardless of whether or not a person has the ability to communicate them through language.
- Multimodal thought: People can think in ways that go beyond language, such as through images, sounds, and other sensory modalities. This type of thinking can occur independently of language and may not always be easily expressed in words.
- Linguistic diversity: Different languages have different ways of expressing the same concepts, and people can understand and think about these concepts regardless of the specific words used to describe them. For example, while some languages may have multiple words for different shades of color, others may have only a few words, but this does not necessarily impact a person’s ability to perceive and think about these colors.
- Ability to think without language: It is possible for individuals to think without using language, such as when visualizing an object or recalling a past experience. This type of thinking can occur independently of language and may not always require the use of words.
While language and thought are undoubtedly linked, there is evidence to suggest that they can also be considered independent of one another. The relationship between language and thought is complex and continues to be an area of active research and debate among scholars.
Language Acquisition
- Biological foundations: There is evidence to suggest that humans have an innate ability to acquire language, which is facilitated by certain structures in the brain. For example, the left hemisphere of the brain is typically more active during language processing.
- Environmental factors: While there is a biological basis for language acquisition, environmental factors also play a critical role. Children need to be exposed to language in order to learn it, and the quality and quantity of language input they receive can impact the pace and extent of their language development.
- Stages of language acquisition: Language acquisition typically follows a predictable sequence of stages, although the exact timing and details can vary across individuals and languages. The stages of language acquisition include prelinguistic communication, babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage, telegraphic speech, and full sentence production.
- Social interaction: Language acquisition is a social process that is facilitated by interactions with caregivers and other language users. Caregivers provide children with input that is rich in vocabulary and grammatical structures, and they also engage in scaffolding and feedback that can help children to develop their language skills.
- Individual differences: While there are general patterns in the process of language acquisition, there are also significant individual differences in terms of the pace and extent of language development. Factors such as genetics, temperament, and environmental influences can all impact individual differences in language acquisition.
Language acquisition is a complex and dynamic process that is influenced by a variety of biological and environmental factors. It is a remarkable achievement of human development, and the study of language acquisition continues to be an active area of research and inquiry.
Pre-linguistic Stage
- Reflexes: In the first few months of life, infants have a range of reflexes that help them to survive and interact with their environment. These include rooting, sucking, grasping, and stepping reflexes.
- Crying and cooing: From around 2-3 months, infants begin to produce a range of vocalizations, such as crying and cooing. While these sounds do not have specific meanings, they are important for establishing the foundations of communication and building social bonds with caregivers.
- Babbling: Around 6-9 months, infants begin to engage in babbling, which involves producing repetitive consonant-vowel combinations (e.g., “ba-ba-ba”). Babbling is important for developing the motor skills necessary for speech, as well as for exploring the sounds of language.
- Joint attention: As infants begin to develop the ability to attend to and engage with their environment, they also begin to engage in joint attention with caregivers. This involves sharing attention to a common object or event, and is a key precursor to later language development.
The pre-linguistic stage is a critical period for laying the foundation for language development. During this time, infants engage in a range of behaviors and interactions that set the stage for later language acquisition, and caregivers play an important role in supporting and nurturing these early communicative behaviors.
One-word Stage
Here are some key features of the one-word stage:
- Limited vocabulary: During the one-word stage, children typically have a limited vocabulary of around 10-50 words. These words may include nouns (e.g., “mama,” “dada,” “ball”), verbs (e.g., “go,” “eat”), and adjectives (e.g., “big,” “hot”).
- Context-dependent meanings: While children in the one-word stage are able to produce individual words, the meanings of these words are often context-dependent. For example, a child might use the word “ball” to refer to a specific ball they are playing with, rather than using the word in a more general sense.
- Overextension and underextension: During the one-word stage, children may also display overextension and underextension of their vocabulary. Overextension occurs when a child uses a word too broadly, such as using the word “dog” to refer to all four-legged animals. Underextension occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly, such as using the word “car” to refer only to their toy car, and not to other cars they see on the road.
- Communicative intent: Despite the limited vocabulary and context-dependent meanings, children in the one-word stage are able to use words to communicate their intent and interact with others. For example, a child might say “juice” to indicate that they are thirsty, or “up” to request to be picked up.
The one-word stage is an important phase in language development, as it marks the transition from nonverbal communication to the production of individual words. During this period, children begin to acquire the building blocks of language that will serve as the foundation for more complex language use in the future.
Development of Grammar
The development of grammar in children is a complex and ongoing process that takes place over many years. Here are some key stages in the development of grammar:
- Holophrastic stage: As mentioned earlier, during the one-word stage, children typically produce individual words to convey complex meanings. This stage is sometimes referred to as the holophrastic stage, because a single word may convey an entire sentence’s meaning.
- Two-word stage: After the holophrastic stage, children begin to combine words into two-word phrases (e.g., “more milk,” “daddy go”). These phrases usually follow a subject-verb or noun-adjective structure.
- Telegraphic stage: During the telegraphic stage, which typically occurs around age 2-3, children begin to use short phrases that resemble telegrams, such as “Mommy go store” or “Me want cookie.” These phrases are characterized by a lack of function words (e.g., “the,” “is”), prepositions (e.g., “in,” “on”), and auxiliary verbs (e.g., “am,” “has”).
- Morphological development: As children continue to acquire language, they begin to produce more complex sentences with the addition of grammatical markers such as plural -s, past tense -ed, and possessive ‘s. Morphological development is a gradual process that takes place over several years.
- Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the order and structure of words in sentences. As children continue to acquire language, they become increasingly proficient in using complex sentence structures, such as embedded clauses and passive voice.
The development of grammar in children is a complex and ongoing process that is influenced by a range of factors, including exposure to language, social interactions, and cognitive development. While the stages outlined above provide a rough framework for understanding the development of grammar, the process is highly individual and can vary widely across children.
Theories of Language Acquisition
- Behaviorism: The behaviorist theory, proposed by B.F. Skinner, posits that language is learned through operant conditioning, or the reinforcement of correct language use. According to this theory, children learn language through positive feedback (e.g., praise, attention) for correct language use and negative feedback (e.g., correction, lack of attention) for incorrect language use.
- Innateness hypothesis: The innateness hypothesis, proposed by Noam Chomsky, posits that language acquisition is an innate, biologically determined process. According to this theory, children are born with a “language acquisition device” (LAD) that allows them to rapidly learn language from the linguistic input they receive. This theory suggests that children are born with an innate knowledge of the rules of language, and that language acquisition is not solely dependent on environmental factors.
- Interactionist approach: The interactionist approach to language acquisition posits that language development is influenced by both biological and environmental factors. According to this theory, children learn language through interaction with others, as well as through their own active exploration of language. This theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and language input in language acquisition.
- Cognitive theory: The cognitive theory of language acquisition, proposed by Jean Piaget, posits that language acquisition is closely linked to cognitive development. According to this theory, children must first develop certain cognitive skills, such as object permanence and causality, before they can begin to learn language. This theory suggests that language acquisition is dependent on cognitive development.
The theories of language acquisition provide different perspectives on how children learn language, and they highlight the importance of both biological and environmental factors in language development.
Environmental Theories of Language Acquisition
- Behaviorist theory: The behaviorist theory, proposed by B.F. Skinner, posits that language is learned through operant conditioning, or the reinforcement of correct language use. According to this theory, children learn language through positive feedback (e.g., praise, attention) for correct language use and negative feedback (e.g., correction, lack of attention) for incorrect language use.
- Social interactionist theory: The social interactionist theory, proposed by Lev Vygotsky, posits that language development is closely linked to social interaction. According to this theory, language acquisition occurs through interactions with others, such as parents, caregivers, and peers. These interactions provide children with opportunities to learn language through conversation, joint attention, and feedback.
- Cognitive theory: The cognitive theory of language acquisition, proposed by Jean Piaget, posits that language acquisition is closely linked to cognitive development. According to this theory, children must first develop certain cognitive skills, such as object permanence and causality, before they can begin to learn language. This theory suggests that language acquisition is dependent on cognitive development, which is in turn influenced by environmental factors.
- Connectionist theory: The connectionist theory of language acquisition posits that language is learned through the formation of connections between words and their meanings in the brain. According to this theory, exposure to linguistic input leads to the formation of connections between words and their meanings, and these connections become stronger with repeated exposure.
Environmental theories of language acquisition highlight the important role of linguistic input and social interaction in language development. These theories emphasize the importance of environmental factors in shaping language development, but they also recognize the role of innate biological factors in language acquisition.
Nativist Theories of Language Acquisition
- Universal grammar: The theory of universal grammar, proposed by Noam Chomsky, suggests that all human beings possess an innate grammar that enables them to learn and use language. According to this theory, the human brain is equipped with a set of linguistic principles and rules that are common to all languages, and that children have an innate capacity to recognize and apply these rules to the language they are exposed to.
- Language acquisition device: Chomsky’s theory also suggests that there is a language acquisition device (LAD) in the human brain that is responsible for language acquisition. The LAD is a hypothetical module that is responsible for the innate language-learning ability of human beings. According to Chomsky, the LAD contains a set of universal grammar principles and is “tuned” to the specific language input that the child receives.
- Innate knowledge: Another nativist theory proposes that children are born with innate knowledge of certain aspects of language, such as phonetics, phonology, and syntax. According to this theory, children have an inborn understanding of the sound patterns and grammatical structures of their language, and this knowledge is activated by exposure to language in the environment.
Nativist theories of language acquisition emphasize the role of innate biological factors in language development, and they propose that language acquisition is driven by specific neural and cognitive mechanisms that are present in the human brain from birth. These theories have been influential in shaping our understanding of language acquisition, and they continue to be an important area of research in the field of linguistics.
Social Interactionist Theories of Language Acquisition
- Zone of Proximal Development: The zone of proximal development, proposed by Lev Vygotsky, refers to the range of tasks that a child can perform with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other. According to this theory, language development is driven by social interactions with others who are more knowledgeable about language. Through interactions with these more knowledgeable others, children are able to learn new language skills and make progress in their language development.
- Joint attention: Joint attention refers to the ability to focus on a shared object or event with another person. According to social interactionist theories, joint attention is a key aspect of language development, as it allows children to learn words and concepts through shared attention to objects and events in their environment.
- Conversational feedback: Conversational feedback refers to the feedback that children receive from others during conversations, such as praise, correction, and encouragement. Social interactionist theories suggest that this feedback is crucial for language development, as it helps children to refine their language skills and learn to use language effectively.
- Communicative competence: Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language effectively in social contexts. According to social interactionist theories, children develop communicative competence through social interactions with others, such as through conversations, storytelling, and other forms of social communication.
Social interactionist theories emphasize the importance of social interaction and communicative context in language acquisition. These theories propose that language development is driven by social interactions with others who are more knowledgeable about language, and that children learn language through shared attention to objects and events in their environment, feedback from others, and the development of communicative competence.
Stage-wise Development of Language
- Pre-linguistic stage: This stage occurs from birth to about 12 months, during which infants communicate primarily through nonverbal means, such as crying, cooing, and gesturing.
- One-word stage: This stage occurs around 12 to 18 months, during which children begin to use single words to communicate, such as “mama,” “dada,” or “ball.” These words often represent the child’s immediate environment and needs.
- Two-word stage: This stage occurs around 18 to 24 months, during which children begin to combine two words to form simple phrases, such as “more milk,” “daddy go,” or “bye-bye baby.”
- Telegraphic stage: This stage occurs around 24 to 30 months, during which children begin to form longer and more complex sentences, but with many function words omitted. For example, a child might say “mommy go store” instead of “mommy is going to the store.”
- Early grammar stage: This stage occurs around 30 to 36 months, during which children begin to use more grammatically correct language, with the use of more function words and correct word order. They begin to use more complex sentences, such as “I want to go to the park.”
- Later grammar stage: This stage occurs around 3 to 5 years, during which children continue to develop their grammar skills, including the use of more complex sentence structures, irregular past tense verbs, and more sophisticated vocabulary.
- School-age stage: This stage occurs from around 5 to 12 years, during which children continue to develop their language skills, including reading and writing, and acquiring more abstract vocabulary and language structures.
These stages of language development are not set in stone, and there can be significant individual variation in the timing and order of these stages. However, they provide a general framework for understanding how language development typically progresses.
Early Childhood
- Vocabulary spurt: Between the ages of 2 and 6, children experience a “vocabulary spurt” in which they rapidly acquire new words at a rate of several per day. By the time they reach age 6, most children have a vocabulary of several thousand words.
- Sentence complexity: During early childhood, children’s sentences become longer and more complex, incorporating more clauses and conjunctions. They begin to use more precise language to express ideas and experiences.
- Narrative skills: Around age 4, children begin to tell longer stories with a clear beginning, middle, and end. They may also begin to understand and use humor and sarcasm in their language.
- Pragmatics: Pragmatics refers to the social rules that govern language use, such as taking turns in conversation, using appropriate tone and register, and understanding the social context of communication. In early childhood, children continue to develop their pragmatic skills, learning how to adjust their language use based on their audience and situation.
- Phonological awareness: Phonological awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds that make up words. In early childhood, children continue to develop their phonological awareness skills, which are critical for learning to read and write.
- Reading and writing: By the end of early childhood, many children have begun to read and write simple words and sentences. They begin to develop the skills needed to read and write more complex texts, including decoding skills and an understanding of basic grammar and syntax.
Early childhood is a period of rapid language development, during which children continue to build on the foundational language skills established in the first few years of life. They acquire new vocabulary, develop more complex sentence structures, and refine their understanding of the social rules that govern language use. This sets the stage for continued language growth throughout childhood and into adulthood.
Later Childhood
- Vocabulary expansion: Throughout later childhood, children continue to add new words to their vocabulary, with a focus on more abstract and academic language.
- Understanding figurative language: By age 10 or 11, most children have a good understanding of figurative language, such as idioms, metaphors, and similes.
- Advanced sentence structure: As children move through later childhood, they become more skilled at using complex sentence structures, such as subordinate clauses and conjunctions.
- Writing skills: In later childhood, children’s writing skills become more sophisticated. They develop the ability to write coherent paragraphs and essays, and they begin to use more advanced grammar and syntax.
- Reading comprehension: Reading comprehension becomes more advanced in later childhood, as children are able to understand more complex texts and draw inferences from what they read.
- Pragmatics: Pragmatic skills continue to develop in later childhood, with children becoming more adept at adjusting their language use to different social situations and audiences.
- Metalinguistic awareness: Metalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to think about and analyze language as a system. In later childhood, children develop greater metalinguistic awareness, which helps them understand and use language more effectively.
In later childhood, children continue to develop their language skills, building on the foundation established in early childhood. They become more adept at using complex sentence structures and advanced vocabulary, and their reading and writing skills become more sophisticated. Additionally, their pragmatic and metalinguistic skills continue to develop, setting the stage for continued language growth throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
Adolescence Stage
- Vocabulary expansion: Adolescents continue to acquire new words, often with a focus on more specialized academic and technical language.
- Advanced literacy skills: Adolescents develop advanced literacy skills, including the ability to read and comprehend complex texts, and to write clear and persuasive essays and research papers.
- Abstract thinking: Adolescents’ language use becomes more sophisticated as they develop the ability to think abstractly and to understand and express complex ideas and concepts.
- Metalinguistic awareness: Adolescents develop greater metalinguistic awareness, enabling them to think about and analyze language more critically and to use language more effectively.
- Pragmatics: Adolescents continue to develop their pragmatic skills, becoming more adept at adjusting their language use to different social situations and audiences.
- Bilingualism and multilingualism: Many adolescents become proficient in more than one language, either through bilingualism in the home or through formal study of a second language.
- Peer language use: Adolescents’ language use is often heavily influenced by their peer group, with particular slang and jargon used to establish identity and belonging within social groups.
During adolescence, language development is closely tied to cognitive and social development. Adolescents’ language use becomes more sophisticated and abstract, and their literacy skills continue to develop. Their metalinguistic and pragmatic skills become more advanced, and many adolescents become proficient in multiple languages. Additionally, peer language use becomes an important aspect of language development, as adolescents use language to establish identity and belonging within social groups.
Development of Language and Thought Significant Points to Keep in Mind
Here are some significant points to keep in mind about the development of language and thought:
- Language and thought are closely related and interdependent. While it is difficult to determine the exact nature of their relationship, it is clear that they influence each other in important ways.
- The language relativist hypothesis suggests that language influences thought, while the thought determines language hypothesis suggests that thought is the driving force behind language.
- While the extent of language’s influence on thought is debated, it is clear that language plays an important role in shaping how we think about and understand the world.
- Language development occurs in stages, with children gradually acquiring the ability to understand and produce increasingly complex language structures.
- Theories of language acquisition include environmental, nativist, and social interactionist theories, which offer different perspectives on how children learn language.
- In early childhood, language development is marked by key milestones such as babbling, one-word, and two-word speech.
- In later childhood and adolescence, language development continues, with a focus on expanding vocabulary, developing advanced literacy skills, and using language to express complex ideas.
- The development of metalinguistic and pragmatic skills is also an important aspect of language development, as children and adolescents become more adept at analyzing and using language in different social situations.
The development of language and thought is a complex and ongoing process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including cognitive, social, and linguistic factors. Understanding the key milestones and stages of language development, as well as the various theories of language acquisition, can provide valuable insights into how language and thought are interconnected, and how they evolve over time.
FAQ About Development of Language and Thought
- How are language and thought related?
Language and thought are closely related and interdependent. While it is difficult to determine the exact nature of their relationship, it is clear that they influence each other in important ways.
- What is the language relativist hypothesis?
The language relativist hypothesis suggests that language influences thought. It argues that the structure and vocabulary of language can shape how we think about and understand the world.
- What is the thought determines language hypothesis?
The thought determines language hypothesis suggests that thought is the driving force behind language. It argues that language is merely a tool that we use to express our thoughts and ideas.
- What are the key milestones of language development in early childhood?
The key milestones of language development in early childhood include babbling, one-word speech, and two-word speech. These milestones are generally achieved in a specific order, with babbling typically occurring around 6-8 months, one-word speech around 12 months, and two-word speech around 18-24 months.
- What are the theories of language acquisition?
Theories of language acquisition include environmental, nativist, and social interactionist theories. Environmental theories suggest that language is primarily learned through exposure to the environment, while nativist theories argue that language is innate and hard-wired in the brain. Social interactionist theories emphasize the role of social interaction and language use in language acquisition.
- What are some key aspects of language development in adolescence?
Key aspects of language development in adolescence include vocabulary expansion, advanced literacy skills, abstract thinking, metalinguistic awareness, pragmatics, and peer language use. Adolescents’ language use becomes more sophisticated and abstract, and their literacy skills continue to develop. Additionally, peer language use becomes an important aspect of language development, as adolescents use language to establish identity and belonging within social groups.
- How does language development influence cognitive and social development?
Language development is closely tied to cognitive and social development. As children and adolescents develop their language skills, they also develop their ability to think, reason, and understand the world around them. Additionally, language use is an important aspect of social interaction and identity formation, helping children and adolescents to establish and maintain social relationships.
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